This book analyses the human rights conditions in Xinjiang, and also the internal and external factors that have influenced China’s policies on the human rights conditions in this region between 1978 and 2007. The human rights condition in Xinjiang have never been consistent and this book looks into these changes and the factors that have caused these changes. The people in Xinjiang have experienced a rather ‘turbulent’ journey ever since the economic reforms began in China in 1978. It also provides some recommendations to the Chinese government, the various Uyghur diaspora groups and the United States to ensure that human rights are protected and realised for the people of Xinjiang.