{"product_id":"suriyah-thawrah-min-fawq","title":"سويرة ثورة من فوق","description":"\u003cp\u003eSyria, The Revolution Form Above (The Contemporary Middle East', by Raymond Hinnebusch, here translated to Arabic. This study examines the development of hte Syrian state as it has emerged inder thirty-five years of military-Ba'thist rule and, particularly, under president Hafiz al-Asad.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt analyzes the way in which the fragility of the post-independence state, unable to contain rising nationalist struggle and class conflict, opened the way to the Ba'th's \"revolution from above\" transformed Syria's socio-political terrain. the mixed strategy of power concentration under Asad is then examined and the way in which the creation of a presidential monarchy buttressed by trusted kin and clients commanding instruments of repression was combined with the creation of Lenisit-like political organization incorporating a rural constituency. Susequent state-society realtions, including the rise of a new class, Islamic rebellion, the survival of civil society and Asad's resort to political decompression as a substitute for democratization are then surveyed. The author moves on to assess the political economy of economic development, showing how agrarian reform, industrialization and economic liberlization created a more equitable and diverse but fundamentally flawed state-dominated economy.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Riad El-Rayyes Books","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":67713164804416,"sku":"15288","price":10.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1003\/6664\/7616\/files\/suriyah-thawrah-min-fawq-27_a4a03f59-d5cb-4909-b469-098f9f0dd2b6.jpg?v=1791356742","url":"https:\/\/jarirbooksusa.com\/ar\/products\/suriyah-thawrah-min-fawq","provider":"Jarir Books USA","version":"1.0","type":"link"}